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# Margarita's logbook

## REPORT

final version 6.09

## 1. SM Higgs boson phenomenology

### 1.2  Theoretical owerview

Here I'd like to sum up what I have learned on the Higgs mechanism and point out important (in my opinion) and interesting details.

Motivation

EW gauge bosons are known to be massive, but if we introduce their masses with brute force, the following problems occur:

1. Lagrangian is not gauge invariant any more
2. Theory becomes nonrenormalizable
3. Theory lost its unitarity

How it works

That is why in the SM the more elegant mechanism is used, the mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking.

1. Introduce new scalar field and potential with nonzero vev

2. Add interaction terms between new scalar field and fields which should be massive

3. Introduce symmetry breaking and re-parameterize the field (expand around vev)

4. In new parameterization, one obtains physical field H with a normal sign in front of the massive term and also massive terms for the gauge bosons, quarks and leptons.

Remarks

1. In the Higgs potential $//$ we have a wrong sign in front of the massive term, it is confusing at first glance. Actually, everything is OK, because $//$ is not the physical field we observe and the observable Higgs field $//$ has a proper sign of the mass term.
2. Although the Higgs mechanism is the mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking, the gauge symmetry is not actually broken. The Lagrangian remains gauge invariant and all the properties caused by the invariance conserve.

### 1.2  Problems

#1 bottom mass

#2 the amplitude of $//$

## 2. Two Higgs-doublet model

2.1 Motivation

Although SM can give very precise predictions it is incomplete since it is not explaining, for example, baryon asymmetry, dark matter and hierarchy problem. That is why extensions are needed. One of the possible extensions is a Supersymmetric Standard Model which requires in its minimal case two Higgs-doublets. 2HDM is particularly interesting because:

• this is the minimum extension
• the model provides an additional source of CP-violation and therefore potentially can explain baryonic asymmetry in nature

2.2 Realization

The extension is built with use of the same logic as in Higgs sector of SM.

1. We are introducing two Higgs-doublets and corresponding potential
2. Introducing the spontaneous symmetry breaking which gives masses to gauge bosons and leptons
3. In case of 2HDM 5 physical fields are left (2 charged + 2 scalars + 1 pseudoscalar)
4. The model contains two free parameters $//$ ($//$ - relation angle to diagonalize mass matrixes) and $//$ - the mass of pseudoscalar Higgs boson

## 3. Tools

3.1 In our work we are going to use the following computing tools:

• SusHi + PDF-set to calculate cross section $//$ up to NNLO
• 2HDMC to calculate decay cross section $//$

All tools were successfully installed. Here you can find script to operate with SusHi (runSCRIPT. pl + necessary lib slharoutines.pm) out file sample (report.txt) and plot, showing the cross section dependence on the 2HDM free parametrs $//$ and $//$.

Cross section

Branching Ratio

3.2 Corrected run files + output files

1. run - script to run SusHi + 2HDMC for  $//$ GeV in the following parameter diapasons: $//$ and $//$. The script produces SusHi and 2HDMC output files for all calls, grouped in the folders by the $//$ value.
2. getDATA.pl - script to extract data from the output files. The output of this particular script consists of the following files:
1. CS_250.txt, CS_400.txt, CS_1000.txt$//$ cross sections for $//$
2. width_250.txt, width_400.txt, width_1000.txt - total decay widths
3. BR_250_5_-5.txt, BR_400_5_-5.txt, BR_1000_5_-5.txt - branching ratios for $//$
4. BR_250_6_-6.txt, BR_400_6_-6.txt, BR_1000_6_-6.txt - branching ratios for $//$
5. BR_250_23_25.txt, BR_400_23_25.txt, BR_1000_23_25.txt - branching ratios for $//$
6. reports.tar.gz - all output files
3. slharoutines.pm - library to manipulate with SLHA - files, corrected (close file calls are added)

## 4. Study of A-decays

Three first columns correspond to the $//$, the last - $//$.

$//$

At $//$ top-quark production $//$ is prohibited by kinematic conditions while bottom-quark production $//$ as well as $//$ production $//$ are allowed. The picture we see can be understood by taking into account two facts:

1. $//$, which explains $//$ rise with $//$
2. $//$, which explains the curved pattern we see (at $//$ the $//$ decay is suppressed)

At $//$ top-quark production is allowed.

1. Coupling to up-quarks  $//$, which explains high values of the total decay width at small $//$.
2. Again ring structure can be explained by $//$ rise with $//$ combined with $//$ behavior.

At $//$ we see qualitatively the same picture as before, but with higher values for $//$, which is also make sense since the higher mass we have the more decay channels occur.

We noticed that the total width of $//$ for the pseudoscalar mass $//$ is very large which is caused by the dominance of decays into the heavy Higgs and charged Higgs. For the masses $//$ picture is different. It has the same onion-like structure but smaller values for the decay width.

From this graph one can clearly see that branching ration of $//$ is suppressed at $//$ and enhanced for higher absolute values of $//$.

The decrease of branching ratio with $//$ rise is explained by the dominance of the $//$ process in this region.

The BR graph for $//$ is differs from the previous one:

1. Low BR for small $//$ because of $//$ dominance
2. Weaker dependence on $//$

On the last graph for $//$ one can see cosine-squared-like dependence with minimum around the $//$

Also the picture is almost independent of the $//$ value. This can be explained with the symmetry between $//$ and $//$ branching ratios which "cancel" each other (see graphs bellow).

$//$

$//$

$//$

for the light Higgs scenario (result is the same for $//$)

• Since $//$ this picture should be fully explained with the BR of other decay channels. Here we see only slight variations due to two factors:
1. The rise of the $//$
2. The $//$ dependence of the $//$
• The low BR for small $//$ can be explained again with the $//$ dominance

## 5. Study of the Breit-Wigner approximation

For each mass I tried to find a couple of parameters $//$, when $//$ not too large and BR not to small.

5.1 First variant of Breit-Wigner formula

Mathematica code - Breit_Wigner.nb

5.2 Comparison with the modified Breit-Wigner formula

Solid line corresponds to the results obtained by the first variant of the Breit-Wigner formula. Orange dots - to results of the modified formula.

For $//$ and $//$ both formulas are in a good agreement, while for $//$ there is a shift of $//$.

5.2 Comparison with nlo and nnlo

Results for the first variant of the Breit-Wigner formula:

5.3 Study of the scale dependence

I have run Sushi for the following pares of scale parameters:

 Renormalization scale 2 2 1 1 1 0.5 0.5 Factorization scale 0.5 0.25 0.5 0.25 0.125 0.25 0.125

and obtained the following diapasons for lo, nlo and nnlo:

 leading order next to the leading order next to the next leading order all in the one graph

I am still confused since nlo and nnlo domains do not intersect.

## 6. K-factor

Basically K-factor is a constant, as it was expected.

## 7. Analytical amplitude calculation with FeynArts+FormCalc

7.1 $//$ comparison with SusHi + 2HDMC

Mathematica notebook - ME_bb-Zh.nb

After squaring and summation over polarizations and color indexes I've got the following result for the amplitude:

 (1)

Herew the factor $//$ appears because of the averaging over color indexes for two initial quarks. To derive the cross section one should apply the following expression (from Peskin's book)

where $//$ is the CM Energy squared and $//$ is the magnitude of the momentum of one of the outgoing particles. In our case we do not have an angle dependence, so after angular integration

To get expression for $//$ we use

and obtain

In order to obtain the numerical answer we used $//$ on electroweak scale and $//$ on the $//$. Also to calculate hadronic cross section $//$ we performed the integration with PDFs:

where $//$ is factorization scale chosen to be $//$, $//$ is collier CM energy, theta function appears to satisfy kinematic conditions. In the table bellow you can find our results compared with answer of the BW formula.

$//$

$//$

$//$

$//$

$//$

$//$

$//$

$//$

$//$

$//$

$//$

$//$

$//$

$//$

$//$

$//$

$//$

$//$

As you can see the numerical results for 250 and 400 GeV are in a good correspondence with analytical calculation. Slight divination of the ratio from the unit most probably caused by the values of electroweak parameters.

7.2 $//$ dependence

To get analytical result for $//$ we performed variable transformation $//$ with Jacobian

This leads to the following expression for cross section derivative:

Now we can compare the results obtained previously with analytical calculation.

Mathematica notebook - int.nb

$//$

This process consists of the following contributions

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